Animal Farm vs. Marxism Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm versus Marxism Essay Characters, things, and occasions found in George Orwells book, Animal Farm, can be contrasted with comparative characters, things, and occasions found in Marxism and the 1917 Russian Revolution. This examination will be appeared by utilizing the imagery that is in the book with likenesses found in the Russian Revolution. Old Major was a valued pig that had a place with Farmer Jones. The way that Old Major is himself a hog was to mean that extreme change and upset are, themselves, exhausting according to the low class spoke to by the other farm animals, who are progressively inclined to agonizing over work and endurance in their regular daily existence. Old Major gave numerous addresses to the livestock about expectation and what's to come. He is the primary creature who kicked the defiance off despite the fact that he passed on before it really started. Old Majors job looks at to Lenin and Marx whose thoughts were to prompt the socialist upset. Animal Farm is an analysis of Karl Marx, just as a novel sustaining his feelings of vote based Socialism. Zwerdling, 20. Lenin became pioneer and educator of the common laborers in Russia, and their assurance to battle against free enterprise. Like Old Major, Lenin and Marx composed expositions and offered talks to the average workers poor. The regular workers in Russia, as contrasted and the farm animals in Animal Farm, were a laboring class of individuals that got low wages for their work. Like the animals in the homestead yard, the individuals is Russia thought there would be no abuse in another general public on the grounds that the regular workers individuals or creatures would claim all the wealth and hold all the influence. Golubeva and Gellerstein 168. Another character spoke to in the book is Farmer Jones. He speaks to the image of the Czar Nicholas in Russia who rewarded his kin like Farmer Jones rewarded his animals. The animal defiance on the homestead was begun in light of the fact that Farmer Jones was a tanked who never dealt with the animals and who got back home one night, left the door open and the animals revolted. Despot Nicholas was a feeble man who rewarded his kin like how Farmer Jones rewarded his animals. The Czar made his average workers individuals frantic with the manner in which he used his position and lectured constantly, and the individuals endured lastly requested change by revolting. The Czar said The law will henceforward be regarded and complied with by the country as well as the position that decides it and that the law would remain over the changing perspectives on the individual instruments of the preeminent force. Pares 420. The creature Napoleon can be thought about as a character speaking to Stalin in Russia. Both were exceptionally mean looking, didnt talk without a doubt however consistently got what they needed through power. In one piece of the book Napoleon charged the mutts on Snowball, another creature. Stalin turned into the Soviet Leader after the passing of Lenin. He was thought little of by his adversaries who consistently became hisâ victims, and he had one of the most heartless, systems ever. In was not till a lot of years after the fact that the world got some answers concerning the numerous passings that Stalin made in Russia during the Revolution. For very nearly 50 years the world idea that the Nazis had done the executing in Russia, when in certainty it was Stalin. Imse 2. The last characters that are representative of one another are the creature Snowball with the Russian head Trotsky. Snowball was energetic and was a pioneer who sorted out the guard of the ranch. He gave talks and guidelines yet was not useful. The various creatures preferred him, yet he was outfoxed by Napoleon. .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 , .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .postImageUrl , .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 , .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:hover , .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:visited , .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:active { border:0!important; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:active , .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231 505f4339062f2 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: When the artistic creation Family Picture by Max Beckmann was picked as the book spread for The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, one can contend that the determination was satisfactory EssayTrotsky and Stalins relationship was a lot of like Snowballs and Napoleons. Trotsky sorted out the Red Army and gave addresses and everybody in Russia figured he would prevail upon power Stalin. After Lenins demise Trotsky lost all his capacity to Stalin and was ousted from the socialist party. He was one after another thought about the second most influential man in Russia. Trotsky Comptons 290. Other than characters there are numerous things that can be thought about as images in the book and in Russia. The whip that Napoleon utilized in the yard to use force can be contrasted with the force that Stalin utilized on the Russians. Napoleon conveyed a whip in his trotter. Stalin utilized his capacity to starve the Russian individuals and to have Lenin captured. Stalins primary objective was to boost his own capacity. Stalin, Britannia 576. Stalin got his kin ready by collectivizing horticulture, by police dread, and by decimating remainders of individual flourishing. He additionally drove the Soviet Union into the atomic age Clarkson 442. Purposeful publicity is another thing that was utilized in the Russian upheaval. It very well may be contrasted with Squealer in Animal Farm. Squealer conditioned a type of publicity the farm animals into accepting that they didn't care for apples and milk, while he and Napoleon were taking the nourishment for themselves. In Russia, the Bolsheviks completed purposeful publicity on the individuals by passing out handouts and placing stories in the papers that were false. They told laborers, troopers, and workers to not confide in their own hands and to remove land from the landowners. Golubeva and Gellerstein 80. Another thing that is comparative in both Animal Farm and Russia are the mutts and the mystery police. Napoleon prepared his mutts when they were doggies to monitor him and to comply with all his orders. They pursued Snowball away. Stalin prepared his mystery police to do his offering at whatever point he gave a request. Stalin had his mystery police execute between 60,000 to 70,000 individuals. These police were known as the Checka and the graves loaded up with bodies stacked upon one another with slugs in every skull were discovered numerous years after the fact. Imse, C2. Another imagery that exists in the book and in Russia is a comparability to occasions that occurred. The windmill that is available in Animal Farm canâ be contrasted and the development of industry in Russia or the Industrial Revolution. Snowball previously acquainted the windmill idea with the homestead however Napoleon couldn't help contradicting him and had the canines pursue him away. Napoleon at that point introduced the windmill as a smart thought and the animals were given expectation that things would show signs of improvement on the homestead. At the point when it blew down, Napoleon accused Snowball. Napoleon believed that on the off chance that he could keep the farm animals occupied constantly supplanting the windmill that they would not understand how terrible their everyday environments were, and he could accuse the obliteration all the ideal opportunity for Snowball. The windmill is the main thing that was holding the creatures all together. In Russia the development of production line and industry was exceptionally discouraging however relied upon the required work of serfs. Russia trusted that by keeping the serfs working constantly and promising them a superior world that they would not understand how awful their everyday environments were. The Industrialists were squeezing their own protected requests. Clarkson 352. None of the social classes were battling each other in light of the fact that there were no classes left. What Russia got working was to make the individuals believe that the possibility of loss of expected upgrades in states of life of the present time and place, must be achieved by animating work to phenomenal endeavors. .u26991c39a944e2b0f19c9fdae5af67a7 , .u26991c39a944e2b0f19c9fdae5af67a7 .postImageUrl , .u26991c39a944e2b0f19c9fdae5af67a7 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u26991c39a944e2b0f19c9fdae5af67a7 , .u26991c39a944e2b0f19c9fdae5af67a7:hover , .u26991c39a944e2b0f19c9fdae5af67a7:vi

Freedom both Digital and Literal Essay -- Censorship

With ongoing occasions, for example, the Megaupload shutdown and possess dissents the world over, the web and its present state has been getting a lot of consideration. The web has become a basic piece of our lives, interface individuals abroad, transmitting thoughts, and impelling advancement. Along these lines, governments and specialist co-ops ought not manage, confine, or control the web. The Internet we realize today fills in as a mechanism for our amusement, correspondence, and business needs. It is something a large number of us have come to underestimate. In any case, the first expected reason for the first â€Å"internet† returns to the times of the Cold War where the regularly approaching danger of an atomic rocket strike incited the U.S., just as numerous different nations, to manufacture a vigorous, shortcoming open minded, and conveyed PC organize. By 1970, ARPANET had been conceived, financed by the Department of Defense and connecting research offices from the east coast toward the west. Not until the 1990’s was the web popularized, increasing across the board ubiquity and fused into numerous parts of our lives. With 2.2 billion individuals associated today, issues should without a doubt rise. Be that as it may, how various gatherings endeavor to deal with these issues can be as various as day and night. There are a few issues in question here in regards to guideline, including hostile to robbery laws, unhindered internet, and the right to speak freely of discourse. The latest of these issues concerns numerous pieces â€Å"anti-piracy† enactment that have showed up before Congress in the United States and before the European Union. In 2010, Congress endeavored to discreetly pass the Combatting Infringement and Counterfeits Act. Luckily, news immediately spread and petitions were submitted to forestall its passing. Representative Wy... ... saw.ZDNet. ZDNet, 15 Nov 2011. Web. 13 Apr 2012. Developing Chorus of Opposition to Stop Online Piracy Act.Center for Democracy and Technology. N.P., 09 Jan 2012. Web. 13 Apr 2012. Secure IP Act of 2011, S. 968, 112th Cong.  § 3(d)(2)(D); Content of S. 968, Govtrack.us. May 26, 2011. Recovered June 23, 2011. Congressperson: Web Censorship Bill A ‘Bunker-Busting Cluster Bomb’. Wired. (2012): 1. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. Tassi, Paul. You Will Never Kill Piracy, and Piracy Will Never Kill You. Forbes. Forbes, 03 FEB 2012. Web. 13 Apr 2012. BitTorrent Piracy Doesn’t Affect US Box Office Returns, Study Finds. Torrentfreak. N.p., 10 Feb 2012. Web. 13 Apr 2012. Suderman, Peter. Web Cop. Reason. 01 Mar. 2011: 20. eLibrary. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. Foundation. Global Internet Freedom Consortium. 04 June 2006. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. .

Delayed-Onset PTSD Symptoms

Delayed-Onset PTSD Symptoms PTSD Print Delayed-Onset PTSD Symptoms By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 08, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 10, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children webphotographeer/Getty Images To be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), you have to experience a specific set of symptoms for at least one month following exposure to a traumatic event, but in some cases, people may experience delayed-onset PTSD. Delayed-onset PTSD is not frequently diagnosed, and there is not a great deal of research on this type. However, its occurrence has been observed and studied in some research, and it appears that almost a quarter of PTSD cases may be delayed onset.?? This research has produced some theories on what delayed-onset PTSD is and why it occurs. What Is Delayed-Onset PTSD? Delayed-onset PTSD describes a situation where a person does not develop a PTSD diagnosis until at least six months after a traumatic event.?? In some cases, the delayed onset of PTSD can be even longer. For example, some people may not begin to experience symptoms consistent with a PTSD diagnosis until years after the experience of a traumatic event. Delayed-onset PTSD of this type has mostly been observed among the elderly, who may develop PTSD stemming from a traumatic event that occurred when they were much younger.?? Causes The jury is still out with regard to why delayed-onset PTSD may occur. However, there is a small body of research that sheds some light on this condition. It appears that people who may be most at risk are those who are experiencing some symptoms of PTSD, but not enough to meet criteria for a PTSD diagnosis (referred to as subthreshold PTSD) after a traumatic event. The development of delayed-onset PTSD in the absence of any previous PTSD symptoms is very rare, and most cases of delayed-onset PTSD seem to reflect a worsening or re-occurrence of symptoms. Research also shows that the occurrence of additional life stressors or traumatic events may increase the likelihood that someone would develop a PTSD diagnosis in response to a prior traumatic event.?? The experience of additional trauma may tax ones ability to cope with a previous traumatic event, increasing the likelihood that existing subthreshold PTSD symptoms become more severe. For example, one study of World War II veterans found that many had a worsening of their PTSD symptoms or the development of delayed-onset PTSD much later in life.?? Almost half the veterans indicated that the worsening of their symptoms was triggered by major life changes, such as losing a job or a family member. Importance of Addressing PTSD Symptoms Early After a traumatic event, many people may begin to experience some symptoms of PTSD; for most, these symptoms may naturally lessen over time.?? However, for some, symptoms may persist. Even though symptoms may not be severe enough to meet criteria for a PTSD diagnosis, they can still interfere with your life. In addition, if they are not adequately addressed, they could increase your risk for delayed-onset PTSD. Given this, it is very important to take steps early on to cope with your PTSD symptoms. There are a number of healthy coping strategies. Most importantly, you want to be careful not to rely on coping strategies that are focused on the avoidance or suppression of PTSD symptoms, such as substance use.?? These strategies may help you initially escape your symptoms, but in the long run, they only cause your symptoms to persist and generally get worse. In addition, if you notice that you are continuing to experience symptoms from a traumatic event that happened some time ago, it may be worthwhile to talk to a mental health professional.?? You dont need a diagnosis of PTSD to benefit from PTSD treatments. Even if you dont meet the criteria for PTSD, PTSD-focused therapy may help resolve your symptoms, as well as provide you with some additional support and better coping strategies for future life stressors.?? If you are looking for treatment providers in your area, there are a number of helpful websites that can assist you in locating the right therapist for your needs.

Reference To State Bank Of Mysore Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4948 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? A bank is a financial institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly or through capital markets. A bank connects customers with capital deficits to customers with capital surpluses. Due to their critical status within the financial system and the economy generally, banks are highly regulated in most countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reference To State Bank Of Mysore Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Most banks operate under a system known as fractional reserve banking where they hold only a small reserve of the funds deposited and lend out the rest for profit. They are generally subject to minimum capital requirements which are based on an international set of capital standards, known as the Basel Accords. The oldest bank still in existence is Monte dei Paschi di Siena, headquartered in Siena, Italy, which has been operating continuously since 1472. The word bank was borrowed in Middle English from Middle French banque, from Old Italian banca, from Old High German banc, bank bench, counter. Benches were used as desks or exchange counters during the Renaissance by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions atop desks covered by green tablecloths. One of the oldest items found showing money-changing activity is a silver Greek drachm coin from ancient Hellenic colony Trapezus on the Black Sea, modern Trabzon (350-325 BC) presented in the British Museum in Lond on. The coin shows a bankers table (trapeza) laden with coins, a pun on the name of the city. In fact, even today in Modern Greek the word Trapeza means both a table and a bank. HISTORY The first banks were the merchants of the ancient world that made loans to farmers and traders that carried goods between cities. The first records of such activity, dates back to around 2000 BC in Assyria and Babylonia. Later, in ancient Greece and during the Roman Empire, lenders who were based in temples made loans but also added two important innovations: accepting deposits and changing money. During this period, there is similar evidence of the independent development of lending of money in ancient China and separately in ancient India. Banking, in the modern sense of the word, can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities in the north such as Florence, Venice and Genoa. The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th century Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe. Perhaps the most famous Italian bank was the Medici bank, established by Giovanni Medici in 1397. The development of banking spread through Europe an d a number of important innovations took place in Amsterdam during the Dutch Republic in the 16th century and in London in the 17th century. During the 20th century, developments in telecommunications and computing resulting in major changes to the way banks operated and allowed them to dramatically increase in size and geographic spread. The Late-2000s financial crisis saw significant number of bank failures, including some of the worlds largest banks, and much debate about bank regulation. In ancient India during the Maurya dynasty (321 to 185 BC), an instrument called adesha was in use, which was an order on a banker desiring him to pay the money of the note to a third person, which corresponds to the definition of a bill of exchange as we understand it today. During the Buddhist period, there was considerable use of these instruments. Merchants in large towns gave letters of credit to one another. BUSINESS MODEL A bank can generate revenue in a variety of different ways including interest, transaction fees and financial advice. The main method is via charging interest on the capital it lends out to customers. The bank profits from the differential between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities. This difference is referred to as the spread between the cost of funds and the loan interest rate. Historically, profitability from lending activities has been cyclical and dependent on the needs and strengths of loan customers and the stage of the economic cycle. Fees and financial advice constitute a more stable revenue stream and banks have therefore placed more emphasis on these revenue lines to smooth their financial performance. In the past 20 years American banks have taken many measures to ensure that they remain profitable while responding to increasingly changing market conditions. First, t his includes the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which allows banks again to merge with investment and insurance houses. Merging banking, investment, and insurance functions allows traditional banks to respond to increasing consumer demands for one-stop shopping by enabling cross-selling of products (which, the banks hope, will also increase profitability). Second, they have expanded the use of risk-based pricing from business lending to consumer lending, which means charging higher interest rates to those customers that are considered to be a higher credit risk and thus increased chance of default on loans. This helps to offset the losses from bad loans, lowers the price of loans to those who have better credit histories, and offers credit products to high risk customers who would otherwise be denied credit. Third, they have sought to increase the methods of payment processing available to the general public and business clients. These products include debit cards, prepaid cards, sma rt cards, and credit cards. They make it easier for consumers to conveniently make transactions and smooth their consumption over time (in some countries with underdeveloped financial systems, it is still common to deal strictly in cash, including carrying suitcases filled with cash to purchase a home). STANDARD ACTIVITIES Banks act as payment agents by conducting checking or current accounts for customers, paying check drawn by customers on the bank, and collecting checks deposited to customers current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as Automated Clearing House (ACH), Wire transfers or telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, and automated teller machine (ATM). Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts, by accepting term deposits, and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current accounts, by making installment loans, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending. Banks provide almost all payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses, individuals and governments. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are not normally considered an adequate substitute for having a b ank account. Banks borrow most funds from households and non-financial businesses, and lend most funds to households and non-financial businesses, but non-bank lenders provide a significant and in many cases adequate substitute for bank loans, and money market funds, cash management trusts and other non-bank financial institutions in many cases provide an adequate substitute to banks for lending savings too. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN BANKING SECTOR Universal Banking: Universal banking refers to Financial Institution offering all types of financial services under one roof. Thus, for example, besides borrowing and lending for the long term, the development Financial Institutions will be able to borrow/lend for the short-term as well. Multiple delivery channels: Today the technology driven banks are finding various means to reduce costs and reach out to as many customers as possible spread over a diverse area. This has led to using multiple channels of delivery of their products. 1. ATM (Automatic Teller Machine): An ATM is basically a machine that can deliver cash to the customers on demand after authentication. However, nowadays we have ATMs that are used to vend different FMCG products also. An ATM does the basic function of a banks branch, i.e., delivering money on demand. Hence setting of newer branches is not required thereby significantly lowering infrastructure costs. Cost reduction is however possible only when these machines are used. In India, the average cash withdrawal per ATM per day has fallen from 100 last year to 70 this year. Though the number of ATMs since last year, it is not in sync with number of cards issued. Also, there are many dormant cardholders who do not use the ATMs and prefer the teller counters. In spite of these odds, Indian banks are increasing the number of ATMs at a feverish pace. These machines also hold the keys to future operational efficiency. 2. Net Banking: Net banking means carrying out banking transactions via the Internet. Thus the need for a branch is completely eliminated by technology. Also this can view his account details transaction history, order drafts, electronically make payments, transfer funds, check his account position and electronically communicate with the bank through the internet for which he may have wanted to visit the bank branch. Net banking helps a bank spread its reach to the entire world at a fraction of the cost. 3. Phone Banking: This means carrying out of banking transaction through the telephone. A customer can call up the banks helpline or phone banking number to conduct transaction like transfer of funds, making payments , checking of account balances, ordering cheques etc,. This also eliminates the customer of the need to visit the banks branch. 4. Mobile Banking: Banks can now help a customer conduct certain transactions through the Mobile phone with the help of technologies like WAP, SMS, etc., this helps a bank to combine the internet and leverage it to cut costs and at the same time provide its customer the convenience. Thus it can be seen that Tech savvy banks are tapping all the above alternative channels to cut costs improve customer satisfaction. TYPES OF BANKS RETAIL BANKING: Retail banking is one that deals directly with individuals and small businesses. BUSINESS BANKING: Business banking is one that provides services to mid market business. CORPORATE BANKING: Corporate banking is one that is directed at large business entities. PRIVATE BANKING: Private banking is one that provides wealth management services to high net worth individuals and families. INVESTMENT BANKING: Investment banking is one relating to activities on the financial markets. NON PROFIT ORGANISATIONS: These are the banks that are owned by the government and whose main objective is not to earn profit but help the society. ABOUT SUBJECT INTRODUCTION TO FINANCE Finance is the life blood of business. It is rightly termed as the science of money. Finance is very essential for the smooth running of the business. Finance controls the policies, activities and decisions of every business. DEFINITION: FINANCE is that business activity which is concerned with the organization and conversion of capital funds in meeting financial needs and overall objectives of a business enterprise -Wheeler Finance is one of the major elements, which activates the overall growth of the economy. Finance is the lifeblood of economic activity. A well knit financial system directly contributes to the growth of the economy. An efficient financial system calls for the effective performance of financial institutions, financial instruments and financial markets. FINANCE FUNCTION Finance function can be classified into 4 types. They are: Investment Decision One of the most important finance functions is to intelligently allocate capital to long term assets. This activity is also known as capital budgeting. It is important to allocate capital in those long term assets so as to get maximum yield in future. Following are the two aspects of investment decision Evaluation of new investment in terms of profitability Comparison of cut off rate against new investment and prevailing investment. Since the future is uncertain therefore there are difficulties in calculation of expected return. Along with uncertainty comes the risk factor which has to be taken into consideration. This risk factor plays a very significant role in calculating the expected return of the prospective investment. Therefore while considering investment proposal it is important to take into consideration both expected return and the risk involved. Investment decision not only involves allocating capital to long term assets but also involves decisions of using funds which are obtained by selling those assets which become less profitable and less productive. It wise decisions to decompose depreciated assets which are not adding value and utilize those funds in securing other beneficial assets. An opportunity cost of capital needs to be calculating while dissolving such assets. The correct cut off rate is calculated by using this opportunity cost of the required rate of return (RRR). Financial Decision Financial decision is yet another important function which a financial manger must perform. It is important to make wise decisions about when, where and how should a business acquire funds. Funds can be acquired through many ways and channels. Broadly speaking a correct ratio of an equity and debt has to be maintained. This mix of equity capital and debt is known as a firms capital structure. A firm tends to benefit most when the market value of a companys share maximizes this not only is a sign of growth for the firm but also maximizes shareholders wealth. On the other hand the use of debt affects the risk and return of a shareholder. It is more risky though it may increase the return on equity funds. A sound financial structure is said to be one which aims at maximizing shareholders return with minimum risk. In such a scenario the market value of the firm will maximize and hence an optimum capital structure would be achieved. Other than equity and debt there are several other too ls which are used in deciding a firm capital structure. Dividend Decision Earning profit or a positive return is a common aim of all the businesses. But the key function a financial manger performs in case of profitability is to decide whether to distribute all the profits to the shareholder or retain all the profits or distribute part of the profits to the shareholder and retain the other half in the business. Its the financial managers responsibility to decide a optimum dividend policy which maximizes the market value of the firm. Hence an optimum dividend payout ratio is calculated. It is a common practice to pay regular dividends in case of profitability. Another way is to issue bonus shares to existing shareholders. Liquidity Decision It is very important to maintain a liquidity position of a firm to avoid insolvency. Firms profitability, liquidity and risk all are associated with the investment in current assets. In order to maintain a tradeoff between profitability and liquidity it is important to invest sufficient funds in current assets. But since current assets do not earn anything for business therefore a proper calculation must be done before investing in current assets. Current assets should properly be valued and disposed of from time to time once they become non profitable. Currents assets must be used in times of liquidity problems and times of insolvency. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Meaning of Financial Management: Financial Management means planning, organizing, directing and controlling the financial activities such as procurement and utilization of funds of the enterprise. It means applying general management principles to financial resources of the enterprise. DEFINITION: Financial management is the operational activity of a business that is responsible for obtaining and effectively utilizing the funds necessary for efficient operation Joseph Massie Scope or Elements: Investment decisions includes investment in fixed assets (called as capital budgeting). Investments in current assets are also a part of investment decisions called as working capital decisions. Financial decisions They relate to the raising of finance from various resources which will depend upon decision on type of source, period of financing, cost of financing and the returns thereby. Dividend decision The finance manager has to take decision with regards to the net profit distribution. Net profits are generally divided into two: Dividend for shareholders- Dividend and the rate of it has to be decided. Retained profits- Amount of retained profits has to be finalized which will depend upon expansion and diversification plans of the enterprise. OBJECTIVES OF FIANANCIAL MANAGEMENT The financial management is generally concerned with procurement, allocation and control of financial resources of a concern. The objectives can be- To ensure regular and adequate supply of funds to the concern. To ensure adequate returns to the shareholders, this will depend upon the earning capacity, market price of the share and expectations of the shareholders. To ensure optimum funds utilization. Once the funds are procured, they should be utilized in maximum possible way at least cost. To ensure safety on investment, i.e., funds should be invested in safe ventures so that adequate rate of return can be achieved. To plan a sound capital structure-There should be sound and fair composition of capital so that a balance is maintained between debt and equity capital. FUNCTIONS OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT: Estimation of capital requirements: A finance manager has to make estimation with regards to capital requirements of the company. This will depend upon expected costs and profits and future programs and policies of a concern. Estimations have to be made in an adequate manner which increases earning capacity of enterprise. Determination of capital composition: Once the estimation has been made, the capital structure has to be decided. This involves short- term and long- term debt equity analysis. This will depend upon the proportion of equity capital a company is possessing and additional funds which have to be raised from outside parties. Choice of sources of funds: For additional funds to be procured, a company has many choices like- Issue of shares and debentures Loans to be taken from banks and financial institutions Public deposits to be drawn like in form of bonds. Choice of factor will depend on relative merits and demerits of each source and period of finan cing. Investment of funds: The finance manager has to decide to allocate funds into profitable ventures so that there is safety on investment and regular returns is possible. Disposal of surplus: The net profits decisions have to be made by the finance manager. This can be done in two ways: Dividend declaration It includes identifying the rate of dividends and other benefits like bonus. Retained profits The volume has to be decided which will depends upon expansion, innovational, diversification plans of the company. Management of cash: Finance manager has to make decisions with regards to cash management. Cash is required for many purposes like payment of wages and salaries, payment of electricity and water bills, payment to creditors, meeting current liabilities, maintenance of enough stock, purchase of raw materials, etc. Financial controls: The finance manager has not only to plan, procure and utilize the funds but he also has to exercise control over finance s. This can be done through many techniques like ratio analysis, financial forecasting, cost and profit control, etc. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS We know business is mainly concerned with the financial activities. In order to ascertain the financial status of the business every enterprise prepares certain statements, known as financial statements. Financial statements are mainly prepared for decision making purposes but the information as is provided in the financial statements is not adequately helpful in drawing a meaningful conclusion. Thus, an effective analysis and interpretation of financial statement is required. Financial analysis means establishing a meaningful relationship between various items of the two financial statements with each other in such a way that a conclusion is drawn. By financial statements we mean two statements: Profit and loss account or Income Statement Balance Sheet or Position Statement The term financial analysis is also known as analysis and interpretation of financial statements. It refers to establishing meaningful relationship between various items of the two financial stateme nts (income and position statement). It determines the financial strength and weakness of the firm. Analysis of financial statements is an attempt to assess the efficiency and performance of an enterprise. Thus, the analysis and interpretation of financial statements is very essential to measure the efficiency, profitability, financial soundness and future prospects of the business units. Financial analysis serves the following purposes: Measuring the profitability Indicating the trend of achievements Assessing the growth potential of business Comparative position in relation to other firms COMPARATIVE STATEMENT Comparative study of financial statements is the comparison of the financial statements of the business with the previous years financial statements. It enables identification of weak points and applying corrective measures. Practically, two financial statements are prepared in comparative form for analysis purpose. COMPARATIVE BALANCE SHEET: The comparative balance sheet shows the different assets and liabilities of the firm on different dates to make comparison of balances from one date to another. The comparative balance sheet has two columns for the data of original balance sheets. A third column is used to show change (increase / decrease) in figures. The fourth column may be added for giving percentages of increase or decrease. While interpreting comparative Balance Sheet the interpreter is expected to study the following aspects: Current financial position and liquidity position Long term financial position Profitability of the concern TREND ANALYSIS Trend analysis seeks out and examines systematic historical patterns in financial statements or other quantitative data. Such analysis of data overtime can vary from primarily descriptive techniques to more complex cause and effect methods. This module minimizes discussions of cause and effect analysis and focuses on the descriptive methods of trend analysis and two closely related analytical techniques- fluctuation analysis and common size statements analysis. Trend analysis usually involves choosing one fiscal period and then expressing subsequent quantities as a percentage of the data associated with this base period. In the case of an income statement, changes in all items could be assessed in relation to the base period. Significant changes can then be investigated further. Trend analysis is valuable when one wants to use historical data to predict future values or to calculate expected values for comparison to actual current values. Trend analysis is also useful for ide ntifying unexpected variances that may indicate strategic or operational changes or entity weaknesses worthy of additional exploration and analysis. TREND ANALYSIS = NEXT YEAR CURRENT YEAR / CURRENT YEAR *100 CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH STUDY TITLE OF THE STUDY: A study on the FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE COMPARATIVE TREND ANALYSIS OF STATE BANK OF MYSORE (SBM) INTRODUCTION: Finance Finance is the life blood of business. It is rightly termed as the science of money. Finance is very essential for the smooth running of the business. Finance controls the policies, activities and decisions of every business. DEFINITION: FINANCE is that business activity which is concerned with the organization and conversion of capital funds in meeting financial needs and overall objectives of a business enterprise -Wheeler Finance is one of the major elements, which activates the overall growth of the economy. Finance is the lifeblood of economic activity. A well knit financial system directly contributes to the growth of the economy. An efficient financial system calls for the effective performance of financial institutions, financial instruments and financial markets. Financial Analysis We know business is mainly concerned with the financial activities. In order to ascertain the financial status of the business every enterprise prepares certain statements, known as financial statements. Financial statements are mainly prepared for decision making purposes but the information as is provided in the financial statements is not adequately helpful in drawing a meaningful conclusion. Thus, an effective analysis and interpretation of financial statement is required. Financial analysis means establishing a meaningful relationship between various items of the two financial statements with each other in such a way that a conclusion is drawn. By financial statements we mean two statements: Profit and loss account or Income Statement Balance Sheet or Position Statement The term financial analysis is also known as analysis and interpretation of financial statements. It refers to establishing meaningful relationship between various items of the two financial stateme nts (income and position statement). It determines the financial strength and weakness of the firm. Analysis of financial statements is an attempt to assess the efficiency and performance of an enterprise. Thus, the analysis and interpretation of financial statements is very essential to measure the efficiency, profitability, financial soundness and future prospects of the business units. Financial analysis serves the following purposes: Measuring the profitability Indicating the trend of achievements Assessing the growth potential of business Comparative position in relation to other firms Research Design A Research Design is a logical and systematic plan prepared for directing a research study. It specifies the objectives of the study, the methodology and the techniques to be adopted for achieving the objectives. It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It is the plan, structure, and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions. A research design is the program that guides the investigator in the process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting observation. It provides a systematic plan of procedure for the researcher to follow. It is indispensable for a research project. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Banks contribute to the economic development of the country. The current study has been undertaken to analyze the financial strength and stability of State Bank of Mysore, to suggest remedies wherever possible, so as to set the banks progress on the right path and to see if it is able to achieve its objectives. This analysis is also critical and essential to study. This will provide direct benefit to the company. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: To study the financial performance of the bank. To study the trends in the previous four years. To find out the profitability of the Bank. data for this from the bank To provide appropriate solutions to problems that exists. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: This study is conducted at State Bank of Mysore, Bangalore. The current study is conducted with the help of published annual reports of the bank of the years 2008-2012. The study gives an idea about the present financial position of the bank. HYPOTHESIS TESTING: OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS: METHODOLOGY OF STUDY: Review of Literature Purpose In this project work secondary data are used as a basis of analysis. In this study the financial performance of State Bank of Mysore, only past financial statements like Balance Sheet is studied. The current study has been undertaken to analyze the functioning and financial performance of the bank over the past years and suggest remedies wherever possible so as to set the banks progress on the right path and to see if it is able to achieve its objectives. Method of Review In this project the method used was the 4 year annual report of State Bank of Mysore to analyze the trends in the previous years. In order to get the information regarding the bank and its operations, internet was used. The banks web address also helped to collect information regarding the country wide operations. Benefits of the Literature It facilitates to know types of secondary data, advantages of secondary data. It also helps to know the following: Topic on which similar research has been done Purpose of the earlier similar research Conclusion derived from the earlier research It facilitates to know how this research is different from the earlier one Helped in making this research more specific and precise thereby enabling to analyze the problem systematically. Data Collection Method The sources of data in this study are basically secondary in nature. Secondary data published by State Bank of Mysore is used for the study. Secondary data was collected from annual reports, other brochures and website of the bank. Reference Period A Reference Period of four years has been taken for the analysis i.e., 2008-2009, 2009-2010, 2010-2011, and 2011-2012. By conducting an analysis on a 4 year span, it provides a wider coverage on the operations of the bank and techniques can be brought about in a more effective manner. SAMPLING PLAN AND SAMPLE SIZE: This will not apply for the study as it is a finance topic, more dependent on secondary data. PLAN OF ANALYISIS: Techniques Used Trend Analysis Comparative statements LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The study is limited to banking sector. Time period is one of the limitations of the study. Secondary data is used mainly for the study. Therefore, the limitations of secondary data are applicable to this study as well. The study is limited to the financial performance of State Bank of Mysore. The research was conducted to get an overall view of the firm; as such it was not possible to probe deep into the subject. CHAPTER SCHEME: INTRODUCTION This chapter mentions about information on the Industry Bank and the Subject Finance. RESEARCH STUDY This chapter contains the blue print of the entire project. Research Design is the arrangement of conditions for the collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. It includes all the 10 steps in research design. Introduction, statement of problem, objectives of the study, scope of the study, hypothesis, operational definitions, methodology and sources of data, sampling design, plan of analysis and tools for collection of data, limitations of the study, overview of chapter scheme. COMPANY PROFILE This chapter includes an overview of the company Origin and development, products and services, competitors, organizational structure. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION This chapter includes the comparative trend analysis made from the secondary data obtained from the company such as t he company guide and brochures. With the help of tables and graphs, interpretations were made. Tables and graphs of capital, reserves surplus, deposits, borrowings, other liabilities provisions, total liabilities, cash balance with RBI, balances with bank money at call, investments, advances, fixed assets, other assets, total assets, contingent liability, bills for collection, equity paid up, net worth, capital employed, sales, PBT, PAT, EPS, dividend. FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION This is the last chapter in the research project which contains summary of findings for the study. Based on the analysis and interpretation, conclusions and suggestions are finally given by the researcher in this chapter.

Ayten Pamuk. K. Goldsmith. Exhibition. 28 February 2017.

Ayten Pamuk K. Goldsmith Exhibition 28 February 2017 Killing for Living â€Å"The greatness of a nation can be judged by the way its animals are treated’’ (â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi Quotes†). Right now, thousands of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs, and many other animals are living in barren cages in laboratories across the country. They scream in pain, suffer from frustration, live in loneliness, and want to be free. They can feel pain and suffer unlike what some people think (â€Å"Animals Used in Education†). They are not giving their consent or any other form of approval for the experiments to be done on them. Ä °f we want to be a great nation, then we need to change the way we treat animals and stop animal testing because it is inhumane and†¦show more content†¦turtles are smashed on the head with hammers and have holes drilled into their shells so that their hearts can be viewed and manipulated. Frogs’ brains are destroyed when pins are stuck through their skulls so that students can cut them open and stimulate their exposed muscles with electricity† (â€Å"Animals Used in Education†). As shown in Figure 1 animals are getting electrocuted for experiments. Animals are getting hurt and suffering because of scientific testing as well as trainings and exercises. Figure 1 (â€Å"Animals Used in Education†) Animals are being used to predict toxicity, corrosivity, and other safety procedures as well as the effects of a new product, chemicals, medical devices, and new drugs. â€Å"... Animal-based (in vivo) toxicity testing, which causes severe suffering, distress, and death for the animals used, is typically performed without anesthesia or analgesics†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Animals in Science†). People use anesthesia and many other drugs even in a minor procedure and expect animals to bare the most painful tests, they are no different than us and can feel pain. Dr. Gerhard Zbinden, one of the world s leading toxicologists, described a standard in vivo test as â€Å"a ritual mass execution of animals† (â€Å"Animals in Science†). Testing one drug on this many animal and not getting enough results to go to human trials is not ethic and questionable, if any, scientific value. Testing for drugs are expensive as well as being

Eating Disorders Disease or Choice Free Essays

This desire for perfection is one of the main causes of eating disorders for both men and women around the world. While there are many different organizations and reatment establishments, the aid required in overcoming an eating disorder is very expensive. Many insurance companies deny coverage for the treatment of eating disorders because they view it as a choice, because the treatment is too costly, as well as the uncertainty of the treatment for each individual patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Eating Disorders: Disease or Choice or any similar topic only for you Order Now The standards for qualifying as having an eating disorder are very high; it is very difficult to qualify for covered treatment. The government needs to rectify this by providing more health coverage for people with eating disorders, because with the growing impact of the edia, the death rate from eating disorders will only increase. The worldwide role model for generations of women, Barbie, does not fall short of perfection. Although, what many girls do not know, are the horrors of what a real, life-size Barbie would be like. Dr. Margo Maine, in her book, Body Wars, reveals the truth behind a human Barbie: â€Å"If Barbie were an actual woman, she would be 5’9†³ tall, have a 39†³ bust, an 18†³ waist, 33†³ hips and a size 3 shoe† (â€Å"Barbies† 1). While these characteristics might sound appealing to some women, this â€Å"perfect† frame would cause a woman many roblems (â€Å"Barbies 1). With these proportions, Barbie would not likely menstruate and would need to walk on all fours as if she were a household pet (â€Å"Barbies 1). The doll’s head, hands and feet are also not to scale (â€Å"Barbies† 1). Seeing someone, such as Barbie as perfection is a true example of a distorted body image. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine refers to body image as â€Å"a person’s mental opinion or description of his or her own physical appearance† (Davidson 690). A falsified body image, the fear of becoming overweight, the refusal to eat foods, and/or binge eating ollowed by purging through vomiting, heavy exercise or the use of laxatives are all symptoms that characterize the worldwide epidemic of eating disorders (Prescott 104). Although eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness, only 1 in 20 people with eating disorders receive treatment (Kulkarni 1). The lack of federal and state laws encourages the low incidence of treatment (Kulkarni 1). The Federal Mental Health Parity Law only requires health insurance plans (that already offer mental health coverage) to provide the same level of benefits for mental llnesses as for other physical illnesses and diseases (Kulkarni 1). This law does not accept that these insurance plans must provide mental health coverage (Kulkarni 1). The law also allows states to determine which mental illnesses they will provide coverage for (Kulkarni 1). While some states, such as Arkansas, have laws providing coverage for all mental illnesses, some states limit the coverage to â€Å"serious mental illnesses† or a specific list of â€Å"biologically based† mental illnesses, such as Iowa (Kulkarni 1). These categories have been used by states and insurance companies to estrict or exclude individuals, including those suffering from eating disorders, from receiving life-saving treatment (Kulkarni 1). How to cite Eating Disorders: Disease or Choice, Papers

Individual Critical Reflection Journal Organization Conflicts

Question: Describe about the Individual Critical Reflection Journal for Organization Conflicts. Answer: Introduction As stated by Gallo, (2013), in an organization conflicts arise when the participants view the current system as not being satisfied enough in order to deliver quality work. Through conflicts, an organization gains the opportunity to rectify the issues and incorporate better ideas and understandings with new undertakings. Conflicts are often followed by negotiations been made between two or more parties (Stroebe, et al., 2012). This is considered as one of the reconciliation method of dealing with the conflicts. There are various forms of negotiations that can take place as per the situation which prevails among the two parties (Rubin Brown, 2013). In this essay, I have presented my reflection on my personal experience of negotiation. The negotiation is taking place in an ice cream manufacturing company among the managers of the organization and the labour unions. I belong to the management department. The labour unions had approached my team in order to discuss their grievances regarding the facilities being offered to them. I have been able to handle various situations with past experiences and theories on negotiations. The detailed analysis between them is presented in this study. Analysis The negotiation has been taken place in a chat room among the management group and the union of an ice cream company. The unions were facing various hurdles in the working place of the company. They had come up with various grievances which had to be addressed. In order to overcome the difficulties, they had come over to the management group with the suggestion of joining the management committee of the organization in further decision making processes (Pruitt, 2013). Various issues had been raised at that time, which had been addressed to and framed using various concepts and theories of negotiation. The most vital and the first issue that had been raised by the union was the issue of low wages that were offered to the labour. According to the union members, the wages that their fellow members received from the company was comparatively less. According to Brett Thompson, (2016), a collective bargaining process had been finalised between the two parties, where I used my previous experiences and rendered the problem of wages. Under by advice, 3% raise of wages every year had been finalised by the company over the agreed contractual term between the union and the management committee. The second issue that was raised was the issue of the performance scheme. This issue deals with the skill gaps that are prevailing among some of the employees and how the training program which is implemented by the management group of the organization must frame the employees to undergo such programs. Using various BATNA (Best Alternative To A Negotiated Agreement) concepts, negotiation has been agreed upon (Carmen Saorn-Iborra, Redondo-Cano Revuelto-Taboada, 2013). Employees and managers have intercepted the collaborative measures to maintain the techniques of framing the conclusion of training programs. The employees have been presented with the authority to elect the staff who could earn the skills and help to raise the productivity of the organization. The eligibility for the training had been framed by me by implementing the collaborative negotiation treatment (Dudek, 2013). In this aspect, the labour that is eligible for the training program would be elected by both the labour union and the management group. The labour union would name a few employees who would undergo the program to develop the skills and help to raise the productivity of the organization. Among the people elected by the labour, the final decision would be taken by the management group who would elect among the selected employees depending upon their past performances of a time span of 12 months. Shift cycle and roster management has been another issue that has been raised by the labour unions. Depending upon the mutual adjustment concept of negotiation, the rosters of the organization have been framed (Schneider Lewicki, 2016). The rosters run on fortnightly cycles, introducing an employee led shift swap scheme. Under this scheme the employees are given greater flexibility to move their shifts to align with their social and family obligations. The employees have been presented with the opportunity to take up extra shifts if they wanted. I did not give them the permission of not storing up the overtime pay. I had given the management group the authority to maintain the rosters. According to the shift swap scheme, the employees would get a fixed chance of swapping their shifts depending upon their mutual consents among each other. The swap should be so finalised so that they do not harm the daily labour requirement of the organization. The duration of the agreement that had been decided upon the two groups had been done on mutual consent. A span of 24 month period, the union initially offered the term which was easily accepted by the management team. Two years consent will provide the organization with ample opportunities to analyse the productivity of the association. Various facilities of the employees had been issued by the management group under a joint workplace committee. The joint workplace committee was an important association framed within the organization that would help in establishing a group to look after the employees facilities being provided. Issues such as safety, employee well being, medical facilities and other issues would be addressed. A quarterly meeting had been finalised that would help the management group frame the discussion along with the unions. Joint decisions have been framed by the association regarding the occupational health and safety programs for the employees. I had limited the powers of the union as consultative in nature. They were associated as the consultative group, whereas, the final decision of the organization would be taken by the management team. This was a crucial step taken by the organization. All the above issues has been resolved by the management group and the unions thereby help in improving recovering the contradictions and overcoming the conflicts among the two group (Galin, 2015). The negotiation concepts helped me frame an extensive solution to the problems that arise. Though the meeting went about for two hours fifteen minutes among the 9 members, yet, it was self satisfying. Conclusion Conflicts are often followed by negotiations been made between two or more parties. This is considered as one of the reconciliation method of dealing with the conflicts. I, belonging to the management department of the organization has been efficient enough in addressing the grievances of labour unions with the help of various concepts and theories of negotiations. The theories of negotiations that has been implemented were collective bargaining process, BATNA, mutual understanding and collaborative process. These theories helped in overcoming the issues of low wages, performance scheme, training program shift cycle, roster issues, and the facilities to be provided to the employees of the organization. All these implementations would help to raise the productivity of the organization, where the unions would assist the management group of the company but the final decision would be taken by the management itself. References Pruitt, D. G. (2013).Negotiation behavior. Academic Press. Rubin, J. Z., Brown, B. R. (2013).The social psychology of bargaining and negotiation. Elsevier Stroebe, W., Kruglanski, A. W., Bar-Tal, D., Hewstone, M. (Eds.). (2012).The social psychology of intergroup conflict: Theory, research and applications. Springer Science Business Media. Gallo, G. (2013). Conflict theory, complexity and systems approach.Systems Research and Behavioral Science,30(2), 156-175. Brett, J., Thompson, L. (2016). Negotiation.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,136, 68-79. Carmen Saorn-Iborra, M., Redondo-Cano, A., Revuelto-Taboada, L. (2013). How BATNAs perception impacts JVs negotiations.Management Decision,51(2), 419-433. Dudek, G. (2013).Collaborative planning in supply chains: a negotiation-based approach(Vol. 533). Springer Science Business Media. Galin, A. (2015).The World of Negotiation: Theories, Perceptions and Practice. World Scientific Publishing Co Inc. Schneider, A. K., Lewicki, R. J. (2016). The Past and Future Challenges of Negotiation Theory.Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol.,31, 1.

Study Essays - E-commerce, Spamming, Internet, Cybercrime, Email

Study Advantages of internet :- There many advantages to using the internet such as: Email. E-mail is an online correspondence system. With e-mail you can send and receive instant electronic messages, which works like writing letters. Your messages are delivered instantly to people anywhere in the world, unlike traditional mail that takes a lot of time. Email is now an essential communication tools in business. It is also excellent for keeping in touch with family and friends. The advantages to email is that it is free ( no charge per use) when compared to telephone, fax and postal services. Information. The Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines on the Internet can help you to find data on any subject that you need. There is a huge amount of information available on the internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support. Services. Many services are now provided on the internet such as online banking, job seeking and applications, and hotel reservations. Often these services are not available off-line or cost more. Buy or sell products. The internet is a very effective way to buy and sell products all over the world. Along with getting information on the Internet, you can also shop online. There are many online stores and sites that can be used to look for products as well as buy them using your credit card. You do not need to leave your house and can do all your shopping from the convenience of your home. Communities. Communities of all types have sprung up on the internet. Its a great way to meet up with people of similar interest and discuss common issues. Online Chat: There are many chat rooms on the web that can be accessed to meet new people, make new friends, as well as to stay in touch with old friends. Downloading Software: This is one of the most happening and fun things to do via the Internet. You can download innumerable, games, music, videos, movies, and a host of other entertainment software from the Internet, most of which are free. Disadvantages of the Internet:- There are certain cons and dangers relating to the use of Internet that can be summarized as: Personal Information: If you use the Internet, your personal information such as your name, address, etc. can be accessed by other people. If you use a credit card to shop online, then your credit card information can also be stolen which could be akin to giving someone a blank check. Pornography: This is a very serious issue concerning the Internet, especially when it comes to young children. There are thousands of pornographic sites on the Internet that can be easily found and can be a detriment to letting children use the Internet. Spamming: This refers to sending unsolicited e-mails in bulk, which serve no purpose and unnecessarily clog up the entire system. Such illegal activities are frustrating for all Internet users, and so instead of just ignoring it, we should make an effort to try and stop these activities so that using the Internet can become that much safer. That said, the advantages of the Internet far outweigh the disadvantages, and millions of people each day benefit from using the Internet for work and for pleasure.

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The Cultural Significance of the Novella

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The Cultural Significance of the Novella Robert Stevenson’s novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde has long attracted the attention of many film-makers, painters, and writers. The idea that several personalities can co-exist in a human being can greatly appeal to many people who may want to explore it in their works. This is why many films, comic books, or novel contain a direct or indirect reference to this novella. Moreover, this literary work has often been parodied.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: The Cultural Significance of the Novella specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper is aimed at discussing such a movie as Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde directed by David Price. The authors of this film do not focus on the moral duality of a person. Instead, they pay more attention to the idea that gender distinctions can often be artificially constructed (Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde). So, Stevenson’s work serves as a sta rting point for the movie, but the film-makers use it to express different ideas. First, it should be noted that the movie tells the story of a perfumer Richard Jack who is a descendent of Dr. Jekyll. The main protagonist takes interest in the work of his ancestor and studies his notes. However, to his amazement, the substance invented by Dr. Jekyll turns him into a woman who calls herself Helen (Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde). Later she starts a career where Richard works and wants to replace him as a perfumer (Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde). Certainly, this film relies on Stevenson’s novella, but the film-makers concentrate on how modern people perceive gender differences. In part, the film-makers want to explore some of the stereotypes popular in the modern society. For example, Richard Jacks wants to achieve success as the main perfumer of the company and become the owner of this business. Nevertheless, Helen’s intention to take over the company is perceived as vanity. So, the film-makers pay close attention to these stereotypes. Special attention should be paid to one of the scene at the beginning of the film. When, Richard concocts the substance created by his ancestor, he drinks it (Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde). The film-makers are able to portray his horror when he understands that his experiment leads to unexpected results (Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde). On the whole, it is possible to say that Stevenson’s work has been used in order to produce a comedic effect on the viewer. This scene completely contradicts the expectation of many people, but it is definitely worth attention, especially if a person wants to see how a literary work can inspire film-makers. Certainly, the readers of Stevenson’s novella may be slightly disappointed by this film because they certainly expect to see the conflict between the good and evil within an individual. Certainly, the film uses the plot of the novella; nevertheless, it serves as a framework to explore differ ent themes, especially popular views on the differences between two genders.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More So, this discussion shows that Stevenson’s novella is still of great interest to film-makers. Certainly, there are many works that are inspired by Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and these characters can even be used for comedic purposes. The film that has been discussed here shows that this literary work can lay the basis for a comedy that does not necessarily explore ethical concepts. Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde. Ex. Prod. Frank, Isaac. London: Savoy Pictures. 1995. DVD.

PESTEL of Arsenal Football Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PESTEL of Arsenal Football Club - Essay Example The economic condition of the club is really good compared to other clubs; the club has sold players in the recent past at a good profit. The transfer of Samir Nasri from Arsenal to Manchester City was a really good deal for the club, the transfer of Fabregas from Arsenal to Barcelona was also a really good transfer for the club money wise. Economically the club is quite sound, they also generate revenue by selling season tickets and their stadium is arguably one of the best stadiums in Europe. â€Å"Socially the club is really famous and has a large fan base but the fan base can always improve, Arsenal can tap the untapped markets. India is a largely untapped market and Arsenal can easily tap the Indian market but a lot of homework needs to be done in order to do so.† (Hornby, Nick, 1992) Technologically Arsenal is far ahead of most clubs, the club offers all the latest facilities to the players and the coaching staff. The gym is equipped with the most modern of all facilities so that the players can make the full use of the resources available. Environment wise Arsenal needs to do more, the fans often leave trash after almost every game and this is degrading the environment to a large extent, they do not use bins and end up polluting the environment. This needs to be sorted out by the club so that they do not play a role in degrading the environment. ... Legally the club is in safe hands, the financial fair play regulations brought in by UEFA will not affect the club because it does not spend money excessively, this rule will take a toll on clubs like Manchester City, Chelsea and so on. SWOT Analysis of Arsenal Football Club Arsenal football club is a very famous club based out of England. It is located in North London and has a very huge fan following. It is also known as the Gunners, the club has gone from strength to strength. Arsene Wenger is the present manager and he has done a fantastic job at the club. The club used to play at Highbury earlier but they have invested a lot of money in building a new stadium â€Å"Emirates Stadium†. The club does not shell out big money in the transfer market and still finish in the top four more often than not in the Barclays Premier League. Arsene Wenger has made some very sagacious signings off late, Arshavin was bought from Saint Petersburg Russia and he has been a sensational signin g for the club. Other major signings include Gallas who was bought from Chelsea, Thomas Vermaelen who was bought from Ajax. Strengths Emirates Stadium: â€Å"The new Emirates Stadium is one of the biggest strengths of Arsenal Football Club; the revenue generated is huge from the tickets and other exhibition events that take place at the stadium. The club can invest a little more in the stadium so as to accommodate more supporters, this will fetch more money through tickets and the club will end up making more revenue.† (Joy, Bernard,  1952) Players: Some of the players who play for Arsenal are world class players and the club should capitalize on the same. A lot of money can be generated through

Research paper 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2 - Research Paper Example y, I chose these two buildings because the architects who designed these building were revolutionary professionals in American architecture hence their impact on modern architecture. My intention is to compare these two structures to Tikal architecture from a visual interpretation, that is, a visual analysis of these structures. The various architectural styles and patterns employed in early days as well modern days depict a society’s way of life especially religious life. For instance, the tikal architectural design were adjusted in such a way to incorporation nature and worship of God The Wayfarers Chapel was designed by Lloyd Wright and was completed in the year 1951. This architectural structure is located at Rancho Palos Verdes, California. This structure is mostly notable because of its modern unique architectural design and its location at the cliffs of the Pacific Ocean. In fact, it is part of the Swedenborgian Church of America and is used as a memorial to its founder, Emanuel Swedenborg. Lloyd Wright, the architect given credit for this structure began designing it in the late years of the 1940s and construction began in the year 1949 and lasted for several years until the year 1951 when it was completed. In developing this design, Lloyd wanted to create a serene environment where travelling Christians would take a rest and be close to nature and to God. His inspiration came from the Redwood forest in California. He had visited a restaurant within the forest with tree branches bending over the building and he was awed by this scenes. Similar to most of Lloyd Wright’s building the structural incorporates the natural landscape into its design and features magnificent modern designs. The design for this building is a â€Å"tree chapel† set amongst trees, a natural sanctuary. This is a quintessential structure of organic architecture. The architect used glass to allow natural light, natural growth, the adjacent sea and the sky to create the sense of a

Definition And Classification Of Humor

Definition And Classification Of Humor Humor is a common phenomenon, which plays an important role in many aspects of our daily lives. Over thousand of years humor has been extensively studied in many fields, such as psychology, physiology and philosophy, anthropology, and sociology. Until recent times, it has been studied within the scope of linguistics. The English term humor derived from the Latin word for liquid, fluid or moisture. As time went by, the word humor lost its original meaning and came to be used in its present sense. As to the definition of humor, no agreement has been reached yet. According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, it is defined as (1) capacity to cause or feel amusement (2) a persons state of mind. In Longman Dictionary of English Language Culture, it is defined as the ability to understand and enjoy what is funny. Although the definitions are not completely the same, we still can find something in common: Firstly, there should be human participants in the act. The speaker and the hearer play an important role in the humorous utterance. Secondly, the occurrence of humor should refer to the ability of people who are capable of producing and receiving what is funny and laughable. Thirdly, in any case something must happen in a humorous act, which refers to something people have seen, heard or thought. As to the classification of humor, Pocheplsov (Pocheplsov, 1981: 25) divided humor into two kinds. One is situational humor, the other is linguistic humor or verbal humor. Situational humor is situation-oriented, such as Monkeys mimic human beings behavior, and little babies learn to walk. Both of their awkward and vivid postures are situational humor. Verbal humor refers to text-oriented humor, both written and spoken. It is realized by languages. In this paper, verbal humor will be mainly discussed. 2. Humor created by flouting the cooperative principle In the next part, the theories will be briefly introduced and how the humorous effect is achieved will be discussed in details. 2.1 A brief review of cooperative principle In the process of communication, participants must abide by some basic principles, especially cooperative principle to ensure that the conversation goes smoothly well. We know that quite often a speaker can mean a lot more than what is said and the hearer can arrive at the speakers meaning. A philosophy and logician, H. P. Grice believes that there must be some mechanism governing the production and comprehension of these utterances. He suggests there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle (CP). He then formulates the principle and its maxims as follows: Make your conversational contribution as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the exchange in which you are engaged. To put it more specific, there are four maxims under the general principle. The maxim of quantity Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange ) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. The maxim of quality Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack the adequate evidence. The maxim of relation Be relevant The maxim of manner Avoid obscurity of expression Avoid ambiguity Be belief Be orderly (Grice, 1969: 58, cited in Wen Liu, 2006: 154) Grices CP is, with no doubt, one of the most important pragmatic principles ever existed and also one of the focuses of this thesis. However, not everyone obeys these maxims in the process of communication. Although speakers sometimes may violate these maxims intentionally or unintentionally, they are still cooperative and the communication can be successful. Humor is one of the cases like this .In the pragmatic study of verbal humor, violation or flouting of the four maxims has frequently encountered. In the following parts, I will talk about how humorous effect comes out on flouting of CP maxims in details. 2.2 Humor created by flouting of the maxims 2.2.1 Humor created by flouting of the maxim of quantity On the one hand, when the information is not as informative as is required, the sense of humor can be felt. For example, 1) That is not my dog An old lady was strolling through the park when she saw Jamie with a dog. Does your dog bite? she asked. NO. said Jamie. When the lady tried to pet the dog, it almost bit her finger off. I thought you said your dog does not bite! screamed the old lady with blood dripping from her hand. That is right, answered Jamie, my dog does not bite -but that is not my dog. In this story, Jamie violates the CP in that she does not answer the ladys question without adequate information. But the lady takes it for granted that that is Jamies dog. So when she complains, Jamies smart answer causes this humorous effect. On the other hand, when the information is more informative than is required, the humorous effect can also be felt. A good case in point is the conversation between The Soprano and the Contralto. 2) S: Did you notice how my voice filled the hall last night? C: Yes, dear. In fact I noticed several people leaving to make room for it. This humor lies in the over-loaded information of the Contraltos answer. The Soprano is proud of her voice and she wants to get others affirmation. So she asks the Contralto. In fact the first part of her answer is enough. From the extra part we can deduce the implication that the Soprano sings so badly that some audience can not bear it and start to leave. The contrast between the Sopranos expectation and the results she gets produce humorous effect. It is not hard to imagine how embarrassed and lost she was at that moment. 2.2.2 Humor created by flouting of the maxim of quality We have mentioned that the quality maxim requires the utterance to be true and reliable. The following story will fully explain how the humorous effect will be achieved by flouting the quality maxim. 3) The Barbers Explanation Once a boy went into a barbers shop and he asked for a shave. The barber told him to sit down, soaped his face and then left. The boy waited and waited and at last he lost his patience. Well, he shouted, why are you leaving me here for all the time The barber replied, Im waiting for your beard to grow. In this humorous story, the little boy is probably too eager to become an adult. So he asked for a shave, but the humorous barber did not refuse him directly .Instead, he left the boy waiting there and explained when the boy lost out of his patience. Obviously the barber violate the maxim of quality for it is known to us all that it will be many years before the boy grows beard. His real purpose is that he wants to tell the boy that there is no need for him to shave. His humor exists in disagreement between his utterance and actual objective facts. The following story will produce the same effect. It is about a horse or a mistress. The following is the story. 4) A horse or a mistress A woman came up behind her husband while he was enjoying his coffee and slapped him on the back I found a piece of paper in your pant pocket with the name Marylou written on it , she said ,furiously, you had better have an explanation. Calm down, honey! the man replied, Remember last week I was at the race? That was the name of the horse I bet on The next morning his wife sneaked up and again slapped him, what was that for? he complained. Your horse called last night. In this story the husband explained that Marylou was the name of his horse. Obviously he lied and violated the maxim of quality- Say something you believe to be false. The next morning when he asked why his wife beat him. His wife deliberately violated the maxim of quality and said his horse called last night. From this we can feel the wifes anger and her humor. Another aspect about deliberately flouting the maxim of quality is saying something lacking of evidence. For instance, 5) She: how old do you think I am? He: you dont look your age. In this piece of humor, the mans answer is vivid and humorous in that in western culture age is a taboo for ladies in a conversation. You dont look your age is quite a good answer for however old the lady is, it will not embarrass her. The violation of quality maxim is actually lying. In order to achieve humorous effect, speakers often apply rhetorical devices, such as personification, irony, hyperbole. Hence the hearer infers that the speaker meant something informative instead, for example, 6) Tom has wooden ears, this sentence can be interpreted that Tom do not appreciate classical music so we should not invite him to the concert. 2.2.3 Humor created by flouting of the maxim of manner In Grices cooperative principle, the maxim of manner requires the addresser and addressee to avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity, be brief and orderly. However in our daily life, it is easy to break one or two, thus producing some unexpected humorous effect. Firstly, humor is created by intentionally saying some obscurity of expressions. 7): Lady (standing in the middle of a busy street): officer, can you tell me how to get to the hospital? Policeman: Just stand where you are and you will find how to get to the hospital. In example 7), the policeman did not answer the ladys question directly but indirectly warned her not to stand in the middle of road. This kind of conversation will make the seemingly boring transportation a little interesting. Secondly, people achieve humorous effect by making use of ambiguity of words. The following dialogue is the oral test to American registered electorate. 8) Where is Washington? He is dead. I mean the capital of the United States. They loaned it all to Europe. Now do you promise to support the constitutor? Me? How can I? I have got a wife and six children to support. In this conversation there are many words easy to be misunderstood for they have multiple meanings. Washington not only refers to one of American cities but also can refer to the first president of United States. Capital also has two meanings, city and money. Support can be used to agree with somebody and it also mean raise somebody. The questioned skillfully make use of polysemy to produce ambiguity. Thus, he can avoid answering the questions directly. It not only vividly reflects his sense of humor but also criticizes American politics. Thirdly, another way of producing humor by violating the manner of maxim is not to be brief. There is an old story which can best illustrate this point. Example 9): There was a man who played the chess for three times continuously. Later when he was asked how it was .He winked his eyes and answered: I did not win in the first time, the second time I did not lose and the third time I wanted to draw, but he disagreed. In actual fact, the man lost three times but he did not want to admit it. So he answered in the way that violates the third rule. However, this clever answer not only save his face but also left a deep impression on people who wanted to know the answer. Last but not the least is that the speaker deliberately says something random, illogical but the hearer can sense the humor by inferring from what he says. There is an example, 10) Her files of pins extend their shining rows; puffs; powders; patches; bibles; trifles; billet-doux. From this sentence the author put pins, make-ups of women and love letters sacred bible together. It is hard not to laugh when you get the pragmatic meaning that the woman was not loyal to God and Christian briefs. 2.2.4 Humor created by flouting of the maxim of relation The relation maxim requires us to speak something relevant. But in a conversation something completely irrelevant to topic maybe underlying something deep unsaid. Sometimes ridiculous words can also achieve humors effect. Example 11): There is a bug in the bottom of my cup! howled a customer in greasy-spoon cafà ©. What does this mean? Listen, mate, growled the owner, if you want your fortune told; go to find you a gipsy. In this example the customer needs a reasonable explanation about the bug, but the owner answer totally different thing irrelevant to his question. It violates the relation principle but achieve humorous effect .another example is listed to illustrate this point. A young man pretended that his eyesight was very poor when examined, so he was not called up for army service. That evening he went to a movie only to find that the doctor who had examined him was sitting beside him. Immediately he said to the man doctor, Excuse me, maam, but doesnt this bus go to Main Street? The young mans question has nothing to do with the context. He deliberately flouts the relation maxim to make the doctor believe that he is indeed short-sighted. In this way he covered his lie but it adds into the whole story a humorous effect. 3. Humor created by flouting the speech act theory 3.1 Theoretic review of speech act theory The speech act theory is one of the important theories in pragmatics; it is initially put forward by the British linguistic philosopher John L. Austin in his lectures at Harvard University in 1955. It is a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication. It aims to answer the question What do we do when using language? According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act: the act of saying the literal meaning of the utterance. Illocutionary act: the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaning Perlocutionary act: the effect of the utterance on the hearer, depending on the specific circumstance (Liu Wen, 2006: 149). 3.2 Humor created by misunderstanding illocutionary act Example 12): Teacher: what is the shape of the earth? Jonny: it is round. Teacher: How do you know it is round? Jonny: All right, its square then. I dont want to start an argument about it. From the teachers question, How do you know it is round? We can infer the teacher didnt blame the students answer, but wanted the student to tell him the evidence or causes for his answer. However, the student thought the teacher suggested him that the answer was wrong, so he changed his answer. Example 13): Waitress, shouted the impatient diner, do I have to sit here and starve all night? No, sir, we close at nine oclock. It is obvious that the customer is dissatisfied with the restaurants slow service, and he expressed his complaint. But the cute waitress deliberately understood the complaint on the locutionary act, and she hinted the customer she wont make him stay too long for his business hour was not all-day round. In the above two examples, humor is produced by misunderstanding illocutionary act. 3.3 Humor created by understanding illocutionary act In the following example, the seeming unconnected conversation between husband and wife is very coherent on a speech-act level on the condition that both of them understand the illocutionary act. 14) a. Husband: Thats the phone. b. Wife: Im in the bathroom c. Husband: Ok. This is an exchange between husband and wife when the telephone rings. In (a) The husband is not describing something it is a thing that needs no description to his wife .In (b), the wife is not describing her action either people do not usually need to assert that they are in the bathroom. Its illocutionary act are a refusal to comply with the request and issuing a request to her husband to answer the phone instead .In (c) the man accepts his wifes refusal and accepts her request, meaning all right, I will answer it In this piece, the humor lies in getting implied meaning from the seeming unconnected conversation. They both can understand each other without saying something directly. 4. Presupposition and humor Presupposition can be defined in linguistics as any kind of background assumption against which an expression or utterance makes sense or is rational. Presuppositions refer to the conditions that must be met in order for the intended meaning of a sentence to be regarded as acceptable (Yang, 2008: 177). Presupposition can be divided into semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition. Semantic presupposition can be easily figured out with presupposition triggers. However, pragmatic presupposition is the presupposition of the speaker or those directly involved. It concerns not only knowledge (whether true or false), but also concerns expectations, desires, interests, claims, attitudes towards the world, fears etc. The presupposition in linguistic is affected by some factor or the context. Pragmatic presupposition is the background knowledge of the two parties of communication, and the mutual knowledge is an important factor involving the construction of context. When the mutual knowledge is negated, the presupposition of the previous utterance is cancelled. In some situations, the speaker may deliberately make use of the defeasibility of presupposition to create humorous effect. The following examples are good cases in point. Example 15): If youre going to work here, young man, said the boss, one thing you must learn is that we are very keen on cleanliness in this firm. Did you wipe your feet on the mat as you came in? Oh, yes, sir. And another thing was we are very keen on is truthfulness. There is no mat. In this story, when the boss asked the young if he wiped his feet on the mat when he came in, the presupposition is that there is a mat on the floor. For this question, not only the young man, anyone would think that there is a mat on the floor. In fact, the boss set a trap to the candidate through a false presupposition to test whether the candidate is honest. 16) How often do you cheat in your exam? if you are asked by your teacher, how will you answer ¼Ã… ¸ There is a presupposition that you do, in fact, cheat in examinations. If you simply answer the how often part of the question by saying the words like very seldom, you are behaving as if the presupposition is right, that is, you admit that you have cheated in the exams. In this way we can touch the humorous effect of English. Presupposition is a precondition of an utterance and the implicit information it contains plays a role in normal progression of conversation. Ignoring the presupposition of an utterance, making a false presupposition and contradicting the presupposition to an utterance cause the abnormal comprehension to an utterance between the speaker and the hearer. In this way the effect of humor is produced. It is interesting and important to note that while conversation participants nearly always observe the CP, they do not observe these maxims strictly. Sometimes in order to achieve humorous effect, they will deliberately flout one or two of these maxims. The so-called sense of humor is the ability to produce or appreciate humor. The violation of one or two of these maxims is one of the main reasons to create humor. So many examples have been used to illustrate that violating this maxim could produce humor. But how can we sense it? Another pragmatic principle comes up-Conversation implicature. 5. Conversational implicature and humor Grices basic idea is that in communication, speaker aims to follow the CP and its maxims, and that hearers interpret utterances with these maxims in mind. According to Grice, utterance interpretation is not a matter of decoding messages, but rather involves taking the meaning of the sentences together with contextual information, using inferences rules, and working out what the speaker means on the basis of the assumption that the utterance conforms to the maxims. The kind of meaning that is not literally contained in the utterance is called conversational implicature. Conversational implicature is the key notion to appreciate English humors. In other words, appreciating English humor is no more than getting the implied meaning from the utterance. How can we get the implied meaning and what knowledge do we need? The correct inference of the conversational implicature presupposes the hearers mastery of the following knowledge: (1) the conventional content of the utterance (2) the cooperative principle and its maxims (3) the content of the context (4) some background knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. The speaker can produce the implicature in two ways: observance and non-observance of the maxims. In actual speech communication, it is often the case that speaker do not or can not observe the CP and the maxims. For example, the sentence he is a tiger literally is false, openly against the maxim of quality, for no human is a tiger. But the hearer still assumes that the speaker is being cooperative and then infers that he is trying to say something distinct from the literal meaning. He can work out that probably the speaker means to say that he has some characteristics of a tiger. Thus humorous effect can be sensed by such kind of expression. Metaphor and irony are standard examples of the flouting of the maxim of quality. However, the least interesting case is when speaker directly observe the maxims so as to generate conversational implicature. 15) Husband :where are the car keys ¼Ã… ¸ Wife: Theyre on the table in the hall. The wife has answered clearly(manner)and truthfully(quality),and has given just the right information(quantity)and has directly addressed her husbands goal in asking the question(relation).She has said precisely what she meant, no more and no less, and has generated her conversational implicature. From the above examples we can see clearly that this pattern of conversation of inference can work only on the assumption that the interlocutors share some background knowledge mentioned above. 6. The politeness principle and English humor The cooperative principle alone cannot fully explain how people talk. It explains how conversational implicature or English humor gives rise to but it does not tell us why people do not say directly what they mean. Why, for instance, do people say Could you give me a lift? instead of Give me a lift? The reason has to do with another principle which applies to conversation in addition to the Cooperative Principle Polite Principle (PP). In most cases, the indirectness is motivated by consideration of politeness. Politeness is usually regarded by most pragmatists as a means of strategy which is used by a speaker to achieve various purposes, such as saving face, establishing and maintaining harmonious social relations in conversation. Leech (leech, 1983: 165) looks on politeness as crucial in accounting for why people are often so indirect in conveying what they mean. He thus puts forward the Politeness Principle so as to rescue the Cooperative Principle in the sense that politeness can satisfactorily explain exceptions to and apparent deviation from the CP. Following Grices presentation of the CP, leech puts forward six maxims of the polite Principle which run as follows: Maxim of tact Minimize the cost to the other Maximize the benefit to the other Maxim of generosity Minimize benefit to self Maximize cost to self Maxim of approbation Minimize dispraise of the other Maximize praise of the other Maxim of modesty Minimize praise of self Maximize dispraise of self Maxim of disagreement Minimize disagreement between self and the other Maximize agreement between self and the other Maxim of sympathy Minimize antipathy between self and the other Maximize sympathy between self and the other (Wen Liu, 2006: 254) Briefly, this principle requires speakers to minimize the expression of impolite beliefs, give credit to the other person in its positive aspect and not cause offense to the other person in its negative aspect. 6.1 Humor created by abiding the politeness principle It has been mentioned that interlocutors should observe the maxims of Cooperative Principle in order to keep the communication go smoothly. However, in some situation interlocutors would rather sacrifice the Cooperative Principle than appear impolite. Interestingly, sometimes interlocutors abide by the Politeness will also create humorous effect. The following is such a case. The story happened when Regan held the post of the American President. During his first official visit to Canada, the demonstrators against the USA interrupted his public speeches off and on. The Canadian Premier Pierre appeared quite embarrassed. Then, Regan with a smile said to Pierre, Such a demonstration happens quite often in America. I guess these people must be coming from America o purpose to your honorable country. They just want to make me feel at home. (Xie, 2004: 125) Regans humorous speech immediately made Pierre joyful. When he saw the Premier felt tough to deal with the situation, President Regan applied the generosity maxim and the sympathy maxim in due course. His humor relieved Pierre from the embarrassment and at the same time saved his own positive face. Humor aroused by abiding by the Politeness Principle. The other maxims are also very important in explaining why certain forms are more acceptable than others. The maxim of approbation will explain why a compliment like what a marvelous meal you cooked! is highly valued while what an awful meal you cooked is not socially accepted .Thus when criticism is evitable; understatement is preferred as a show of reluctance to dispraise. (Her composition was not as good as it might have been.) The maxim of modesty accounts for the benign nature of utterance like how stupid of me and the offensive nature of how clever of me. A: The book is well written. B: Yes, well written as a whole, but there are some rather boring patches, dont you think. Regulated by the maxim of agreement, people tend to exaggerate their common ground first, even when much difference is to follow. In the following example, notice how much effort speaker B puts into trying to hide the fact that he disagrees with A. A: She is small, isnt she? B: Well, shes sort of smallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦certainly not very large à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but actuallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I would have to say that she is large rather than small. Bs answer is better than answer directly. 6.2 Humor created by violating the politeness principle For some special communicative purposes, the interlocutors may violate the maxims of Politeness Principle. Teacher (to a boy slow at mathematics): You should be ashamed of yourself? Why at your age George Washington was a surveyor! Boy: Yes, sir, and at your age he was President of the United States. According to the maxim of Politeness Principle, we can see the teacher firstly violated the maxim to approbation .Faced with the dispraise, the boy struck back the teachers dispraise, and he also violated the maxims of approbation .However, in this example, the student saved his own face by violating the maxim of politeness principle. It is argued that when the CP and PP are in contradiction, it is generally the CP maxims that get sacrificed. When the truth cannot be told for politeness sake, a white lie may be offered. In fact the PP is so powerful that people are often encouraged to violate its maxims in order to ensure a cooperative discourse .Irony is a means to solve the conflict between the CP and PP-when the truth is too offensive to be told, an ironic utterance assumes a polite surface while delivering an unpleasant true message underneath. Conclusion Just as Chinese scholar Lin Yutang puts it, humor is part of life. As a phenomenon peculiar to human beings, it can be found everywhere. The study of humor can help us better understand humor. This paper studies the general knowledge of humor and how it is caused. Conducting a pragmatic approach to the understanding of verbal humor makes it clear why humor is humorous and how to understand and create verbal humor effectively and efficiently. Through the employing of pragmatic theories to analyze the creation of humor, it can be found that the Cooperative Principle has strong explaining force to the analysis of verbal humor. According to Grice, conversational implicatures can arise from either strictly and directly observing or deliberately and openly flouting the maxims, that is, speaker can produce implicatures in two ways: observance and non-observance of the maxims. According to Leech, the politeness principle is not just an addition to Grices CP, but a necessary complement needed for cases where the CP fails to offer a reasonable explanation. Besides, the speech act theory also plays an important role in appreciating English humor. Through the illocutionary act, extra meaning of the utterance can be produced on the basis of its literal meaning. Presupposition is also an important fact in understanding humor and not getting cheated by others. From the perspective of its function, humor can be used to activate atmosphere, get rid of conflict, attack and counter-attack, and save ones faces. In our daily life, people create humor not only for humors sake, but also for some special communicative purposes. Through the study, people can find the power and charm of humor. If more and more people can be encouraged to use humor in their daily life, the whole society will be more friendly and harmonious.